Sidra batool a
Environmental
statistics and computation, Department
of environmental science, Quaid-i-Azam University
Email: sidraaziz20@gmail.com
Abstract:
Soil
is contaminated by different types of heavy metals. The anthropogenic sources
of soil contamination include metal smelting, industries, fertilizers, etc.
Heavy metals contaminate soil and decrease the bioavailability of nutrients
present in the soil for plants hence decreasing the proper functioning of soil microorganism. Correlation is a statistical technique that can show whether and
how strongly pairs of variables are related. For example, height and weight are
related; taller people tend to be heavier than shorter people Comparative
correlation contains t, 3 types, ANOVA, Post Hoc, CRD, RCB. Associative
contain correlation (Pearson, Spearman) and regression(Linear, Logic,
Multinomial Probability. A detailed investigation was conducted to study the
heavy metal concentrations in the soil of different cities.
A
citywide survey of soil sample was carried out in Pakistan (Islamabad and
Rawalpindi). 80 samples were collected and analyzed for the concentrations of 6
heavy metals and temperature humus concentration and ph. Some samples contained
very high concentrations of Zn and Cu, although no limits have been set for
these two metals in Islamabad. Further analysis showed that As was present
mainly as arsenate (As), with dimethyl arsenate (DMA) and monomethyl arsenate
(MMA) as the minor species in soil. There were significant correlations between
the concentrations of Zn, Cu, and As, suggesting the co-contamination of these
elements in some samples. The concentration of arsenic, lead, cadmium in F9,
G10 and G11 were strongly related to concentrations those present in
Rawalpindi (raja bazar, airport, satlitown). The table
below shows the coefficient of correlation between sampling sites. In the present, we use the correlation technique to find out the metal concentration in both cities and
find out how the metal concentrations are related to each site.
Key
words: Correlation,
and soil, sample
Abbreviation
Dimethyl
arsenate (DMA) and monomethyl arsenate (MMA) SPSS (Statistic Program for Social
Sciences).
Introduction:
Heavy
metals and metalloids in soils are derived from the soil parent material
(lithogenic source) and various anthropogenic sources, most of which involve
several metalloids. There are many different anthropogenic sources of heavy
metals contamination affecting both agricultural and urban soils. However,
localized contamination from a predominant single source, such as a metal
smelter can have a marked effect on soils, vegetation and possibly also on the
health of the local population, especially in countries where there are
inadequate emission controls and soil quality standards. Correlation is a
bivariate analysis that measures the strength of association between two
variables and the direction of the relationship. In terms of the strength of relationship, the
value of the correlation coefficient varies between +1 and -1. A value of ± 1 indicates a perfect degree of
association between the two variables. Soil
is contaminated by different types of heavy metals. The anthropogenic sources
of soil contamination include metal smelting, industries, fertilizers, etc.
Heavy metals contaminate soil and decrease the bioavailability of nutrients
present in the soil for plants hence decreasing the proper functioning of soil microorganism.
In the present study Different heavy metals and parameters
such as soil pH, temperature, etc. were analyzed in Islamabad and Rawalpindi
sites (Sara, Imran,
naqeeba, naila 2010).
The
sampling site was from both Islamabad and Rawalpindi. After collection, the
data were analyzed statistically and find the association between concentrations
of heavy metals. The objective of this study was to analyses the coefficient of
correlation between heavy metals in different areas of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. 80 samples
were collected and analyzed for the concentrations of 6 heavy metals and
temperature humus concentration and ph. The concentrations of heavy metals vary
widely (Zn 11.8–3692, Cu 3.6– 916, Cr 0.7–6603, Ni 0.7–73, Pb 0.05–189, As
0.4–72, Co 0.1–94, Cd 0.01–8.7 and Hg 0.01–1.9 mg kg1 dry weight)
(urooba and Abbas 2017) . Further analysis showed that .As
was present mainly as arsenate (As), with dimethyl arsenate (DMA) and
monomethyl arsenate (MMA) as the minor species in a soil sample (Ali, zunaira, iqra 2015).
There were significant correlations between the concentrations of Zn, Cu and
As suggesting co-contamination of these elements in some samples. The aim of
the study was to determine the heavy metals concentration in different soil
sample of Islamabad and Rawalpindi and determine the strength of association
between the concentration of heavy metals in different sampling sites of
Rawalpindi and Islamabad.
Methodology:
Samples were obtained from different sites of
Islamabad and Rawalpindi with a dense population. In the present study, a soil
sample was collected in October and November 2018. Five subsamples were
collected from a single sampling site, mixed thoroughly into a 2.5 kg sample
and transported to the laboratory. Compost samples were air-dried and ground to
pass through a 100 mesh sieve and stored in labeled plastic bottles prior to
analysis. In addition, fresh soil sample was collected from Rawalpindi and Islamabad.
Each sample was placed in a plastic container, chilled to near freezing,
transported to the laboratory, and immediately lyophilized (Quaid e Azam university lab)
The total concentrations of 6 elements (total Zn, Cu, As, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb and)
in the soil samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass
spectrometer (Quaid e
Azam university lab) The data were tested for normal distribution by
the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test. Correlation analysis (Pearson r) was
performed between the concentrations of heavy metals in the compost samples.
The K-S test and Pearson correlation test were calculated by software SPSS 20.0
(IBM,).
Results and conclusions:
A citywide survey of soil sample was carried out in
Pakistan (Islamabad and Rawalpindi). 80 samples were collected and analyzed for
the concentrations of 6 heavy metals and temperature humus concentration and
ph. Some samples contained very high concentrations of Zn and Cu, although no
limits have been set for these two metals in Islamabad
The ranges of Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, As, Co, Cd and Hg
concentrations in the 80 soil samples were 11.8–3692, 3.55–916, 0.69– 6603,
0.68–72.7, 0.05–188.5, 0.37–71.7, 0.11–93.3, 0.012–8.72 and 0.014–1.93 mg kg1
DW, respectively (Sara,
Imran, naqeeba, naila 2016.).All
data showed non-normal distribution .Based on the median value, the
concentrations of the nine elements followed the order of Zn > Cu > Cr
> Ni > Pb > As > Co > Cd > Hg .The heavy metal concentrations
(Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) in the soil studied were much higher in both cities
and strongly related to each other (Sara,
Imran, naqeeba, naila 2010)
. The concentration of arsenic, lead, cadmium in f9, G10, G11 were strongly
related to concentrations those present in Rawalpindi (raja bazar, airport,
satlitown). The table below shows the coefficient
of correlation between sampling sites.
Total
concentrations of heavy metal in different sites of Islamabad and Rawalpindi.
G-10,
F-10, AIRPORT,
variable
|
Site
g-10,
f-10 , airport,
|
nitrate
|
Phosphate
|
Temperature
|
Humus
|
SuLphate
|
Anthracene
|
Chromium
|
Arsenic
|
ph
|
Moisture
|
Nitrate
|
correlation
|
1
|
.998
|
173
|
-711
|
.998
|
-.173
|
-.711
|
910
|
.606
|
.889
|
Sig
|
.996
|
.771
|
.445
|
.946
|
.086
|
.442
|
.603
|
.296
|
.485
|
||
Phosphate
|
correlation
|
1
|
.351
|
-.732
|
.352
|
-526
|
.190
|
.168
|
.047
|
.594
|
|
Sig
|
.320
|
.016
|
.319
|
.119
|
.600
|
.642
|
.898
|
.070
|
|||
Tempratue
|
correlation
|
1
|
-2.44
|
-2.40
|
-2.31
|
-4.86
|
-0.53
|
-1.40
|
-0.05
|
||
Sig
|
.497
|
.504
|
.520
|
.154
|
.884
|
.700
|
.988
|
||||
Humuse
|
correlation
|
1
|
-256
|
.567
|
.152
|
.470
|
.116
|
.-511
|
|||
Sig
|
476
|
.087
|
.675
|
.171
|
.750
|
.131
|
|||||
sulphate
|
correlation
|
1
|
-.130
|
.326
|
-.362
|
.121
|
.153
|
||||
Sig
|
.721
|
.358
|
.304
|
.740
|
.673
|
||||||
Anthraseen
|
correlation
|
1
|
-.013
|
.503
|
-.134
|
-527
|
|||||
Sig
|
.971
|
.138
|
.712
|
.117
|
|||||||
cr
|
correlation
|
1
|
-.033
|
-.258
|
.390
|
||||||
Sig
|
.929
|
.471
|
.266
|
||||||||
Arsenic
|
correlation
|
1
|
.423
|
-.542
|
|||||||
Sig
|
.224
|
.106
|
|||||||||
Ph
|
correlation
|
1
|
-.163
|
||||||||
Sig
|
.65
|
||||||||||
Moisture
|
1
|
||||||||||
Sig
|
G-
10, F -11, SETALLITE TOWN
variable
|
Site
G-
10, f -11, setallite town
|
nitrate
|
Phosphate
|
Temperature
|
Humus
|
Suphate
|
Anthracene
|
Chromium
|
Arsenic
|
ph
|
Moisture
|
Nitrate
|
correlation
|
1
|
.443
|
.325
|
-117
|
.897
|
-.371
|
-.171
|
.606
|
-.711
|
.898
|
Sig
|
.996
|
.771
|
.445
|
.946
|
.086
|
.442
|
.296
|
.442
|
.485
|
||
Phosphate
|
correlation
|
1
|
.351
|
-.732
|
.352
|
-526
|
.190
|
.047
|
.190
|
.594
|
|
Sig
|
.320
|
.016
|
.319
|
.119
|
.600
|
.898
|
.600
|
.070
|
|||
Tempratue
|
correlation
|
1
|
-2.44
|
-2.40
|
-2.31
|
-4.86
|
-1.40
|
-4.86
|
-0.05
|
||
Sig
|
.497
|
.504
|
.520
|
.154
|
.700
|
.154
|
.988
|
||||
Humuse
|
correlation
|
1
|
-256
|
.567
|
.152
|
.116
|
.152
|
.-511
|
|||
Sig
|
476
|
.087
|
.675
|
.750
|
.675
|
.131
|
|||||
sulphate
|
correlation
|
1
|
-.130
|
.326
|
.121
|
.326
|
.153
|
||||
Sig
|
.721
|
.358
|
.740
|
.358
|
.673
|
||||||
Anthraseen
|
correlation
|
1
|
-.013
|
-.134
|
-.013
|
-527
|
|||||
Sig
|
.971
|
.712
|
.971
|
.117
|
|||||||
cr
|
correlation
|
1
|
-.258
|
.520
|
.390
|
||||||
Sig
|
.929
|
.567
|
.266
|
||||||||
Arsenic
|
correlation
|
1
|
.423
|
-.542
|
|||||||
Sig
|
.224
|
.106
|
|||||||||
Ph
|
correlation
|
1
|
-.163
|
||||||||
Sig
|
.65
|
||||||||||
Moisture
|
a
|
1
|
|||||||||
Sig
|
Site
G-10 F-11, RAJA BAZAR
variable
|
Site
G-10
F-11, RAJA BAZAR
|
nitrate
|
Phosphate
|
Temperature
|
Humus
|
Sulp
hat
|
Anthracene
|
Chromium
|
Arsenic
|
ph
|
Moisture
|
Nitrate
|
correlation
|
1
|
.998
|
173
|
-711
|
.998
|
-.173
|
-.711
|
910
|
.606
|
.889
|
Sig
|
.996
|
.771
|
.445
|
.946
|
.086
|
.442
|
.603
|
.296
|
.485
|
||
Phosphate
|
correlation
|
1
|
.351
|
-.732
|
.352
|
-526
|
.190
|
.168
|
.047
|
.594
|
|
Sig
|
.320
|
.016
|
.319
|
.119
|
.600
|
.642
|
.898
|
.070
|
|||
Tempratue
|
correlation
|
1
|
-2.44
|
-2.40
|
-2.31
|
-4.86
|
-0.53
|
-1.40
|
-0.05
|
||
Sig
|
.497
|
.504
|
.520
|
.154
|
.884
|
.700
|
.988
|
||||
Humuse
|
correlation
|
1
|
-256
|
.567
|
.152
|
.470
|
.116
|
.-511
|
|||
Sig
|
476
|
.087
|
.675
|
.171
|
.750
|
.131
|
|||||
sulphate
|
correlation
|
1
|
-.130
|
.326
|
-.362
|
.121
|
.153
|
||||
Sig
|
.721
|
.358
|
.304
|
.740
|
.673
|
||||||
Anthracene
|
correlation
|
1
|
-.013
|
.503
|
-.134
|
-527
|
|||||
Sig
|
.971
|
.138
|
.712
|
.117
|
|||||||
CR
|
correlation
|
1
|
-.033
|
-.258
|
.390
|
||||||
Sig
|
.929
|
.471
|
.266
|
||||||||
Arsenic
|
correlation
|
1
|
.423
|
-.542
|
|||||||
Sig
|
.224
|
.106
|
|||||||||
Ph
|
correlation
|
1
|
-.163
|
||||||||
Sig
|
.65
|
||||||||||
Moisture
|
a
|
1
|
|||||||||
Sig
|
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